1. Which of the following will be true for both monopoly
and monopolistic competition in the short run?
(1) Price is greater than marginal revenue.
(2) Price is equal to marginal revenue.
(3) Price is equal to marginal cost.
(4) Price is equal to average cost.
2. Consider the following matrix which describes the
respective strategies and the corresponding pay-offs of firms A and B operating
in a duopoly:
Which of the following statement(s) is/are true for the
above game?
Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
(a) Firm A has no dominant strategy.
(b) Firm B has a dominant strategy.
(c) The game has a Nash equilibrium.
(d) Neither Firm A nor Firm B has a dominant strategy.
Code:
(1) (a), (c)
(2) (b), (c)
(3) (d) Only
(4) (a), (b) and (c)
3. In the context of oligopoly, consider the following
statements:
(a) Cournot’s equilibrium is a Nash equilibrium.
(b) Stackelberg equilibrium is a Nash equilibrium.
Select the correct answer from the code given below:
(1) Only (a)
(2) Only (b)
(3) Both (a) and (b)
(4) Neither (a) nor (b)
4. Match List – I with List-II and point out the
correct answer from the codes below:
|
List - I (Concept)
|
List-II (Economist)
|
|
(a) Profit as a dynamic surplus
(b) Profit as a reward for innovation
(c) Profit as a reward for uncertainty bearing
(d) Profit arises due to monopoly power enjoyed
by the producers
|
(i) J. Schumpeter
(ii) M. Kalecki
(iii) F.H. Knight
(iv) J.B. Clark
|
Code:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(1) (ii) (i) (iii) (iv)
(2) (iv) (i) (iii) (ii)
(3) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)
(4) (iii) (iv) (ii) (i)
5. When the marginal cost is equal to average cost, the slope of the average cost is:
(1) positive
(2) negative
(3) zero
(4) infinite
6. For the function Q=A ⋅ Kα ⋅ Lβ, which of the
following is correct?
(1) The degree of homogeneity is 1
(2) The elasticity of substitution is equal to α+β
(3) Output elasticity with respect to capital is α
(4) The marginal product of a factor=Average product of the
factor
7. When information asymmetry is observed after an agreement is obtained between individuals, it is called:
(1) Signaling
(2) Moral hazard
(3) None of the above
(4) Both (1) and (2) above
8. In the given diagram, after the price change, the
price line shifts from PQ to PQ’. And consumer comes to equilibrium at
point B instead of point A. Then what is true for potatoes?
(1) It is a normal good.
(2) It is an inferior good.
(3) It is a Giffen good.
(4) Nothing can be said about the nature of the good.
9. Which amongst the following is a correct description
of inverse demand function?
(1) p=f (D)
(2) D=f (p)
(3) D = f(1/p)
(4) p = f(D, 1/y)
Where p=price, D=demand, and y=income.
10. The first fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics
requires:
(1) that there be an efficient market for every
commodity.
(2) that the economy operates at some point on the
utility possibility curve.
(3) producers and consumers to be price takers.
(4) All of the above.
11. The Theory in which the trade cycle is generated due to
excess of actual over the desired investment has been given by who amongst
the following?
(1) R.G. Hawtry
(2) F. Hayek
(3) P. Samuelson
(4) J. Schumpeter
12. Consider the following statements:
(a) ‘Liquidity trap ‘is a situation when people prefer to
hold money rather than investing it.
(b) ‘Liquidity preference’ is the situation when people
prefer to invest money rather than hold it.
(c) ‘Liquidity crunch’ is a situation of short supply of
money in the money market.
(d) ‘Credit crunch’ is a situation of short supply of
money in the loan market.
Select the correct statements using the code given below:
(1) (a), (b) and (d)
(2) (a), (c) and (d)
(3) (b), (c) and (d)
(4) (a), (b) and (c)
13. ‘Menu costs’ in relation to inflation refers to:
(1) Cost of revaluing the currency.
(2) Cost of altering price lists.
(3) Cost of the maintenance of monetary base.
(4) Cost of finding better rates of return.
14. According to M. Friedman, Quantity Theory of Money is
the theory of:
(1) Value of money
(2) Price determination
(3) Nominal income
(4) Demand for money
15. Gilt-edged market means:
(1) Bullion Market
(2) The market of pure metals
(3) The market of government securities
(4) Market of commodities
16. Which of the following is likely to be most
inflationary in its impact?
(1) Repayment of public debt
(2) Borrowings from the public to finance a budget
deficit
(3) Borrowings from banks to finance a budget deficit
(4) Creating new money to finance a budget deficit
17. Consider the following statements regarding the
Marginal Standing Facility (MSF).
(a) MSF is on the line of the existing LAF and is part of
it.
(b) MSF is a costlier route than Repo.
(c) MSF functions as the last resort for Banks to borrow
short term funds.
(d) MSF is linked to the net demand and time liabilities
of the Banks.
Choose the correct code given below.
(1) (b), (c) and (d)
(2) (a), (b) and (c)
(3) (a), (c) and (d)
(4) (a), (b), (c) and (d)
18. “The absorption approach” of analyzing the balance of
payments was formulated by:
(1) M. Friedman
(2) Marshall and Lerner
(3) Sydney Alexander
(4) Haberler
19. Which amongst the following is not correctly matched
with regard to the balance of payments account?
|
Item
|
Nature
|
|
(1) Import of goods and services
(2) Receipt of transfer payments
(3) Direct investment receipts
(4) Portfolio investment redemption
|
Debit in the current account
Credit in the current account
Credit in the capital account
Debit in the current account
|
20. Prebisch – singer hypothesis relates to:
(1) Balance of payments problem of developing countries.
(2) Terms of trade in developing countries.
(3) Prevalency of poverty among developing countries.
(4) Inequality of income in developing countries.
21. Which of the following statement about India’s
balance of payments is not correct?
(1) If a foreign citizen deposits some money in a bank in
India, the accounts regard this as a credit.
(2) The current account balance shows only the balance
for the trade in goods and services combined.
(3) Allowing for errors and omissions, the accounts
always balance.
(4) If the country’s reserves of foreign currencies
increase then there is a minus sign for this entry.
22. Let elasticity of demand for exports for a certain
country be ex and elasticity of demand for imports be em. Assume that the
country devalues its currency. Its balance of payments will almost certainly
show improvement if:
(1) ex + em > 1
(2) ex + em < 1
(3) ex + em=1
(4) ex = em =1
23. Which of the following would cause Rupee to
depreciate against U.S. Dollar, other things being equal?
(1) A rise in interest rates in India.
(2) A fall in incomes in the U.S.A.
(3) An expected rise in the external value of the rupee.
(4) An increased flow of foreign investment into India.
24. According to Mercantilists, trade is a:
(1) Positive sum game
(2) Infinite sum game
(3) Zero-sum game
(4) Negative sum game
25. There is incomplete specialization in production when
country faces:
(1) constant opportunity costs
(2) decreasing opportunity costs
(3) increasing opportunity costs
(4) indeterminate opportunity costs
26. Tax buoyancy is expressed as:
(1) 1
(2) 2
(3) 3
(4) 4
27. Income tax is generally based on the principle of:
(1) Benefit received principle
(2) Ability to pay principle
(3) Willingness to pay principle
(4) None of these
28. Which method can help in obtaining a welfare
improvement if externalities exist?
(1) Regulation
(2) Assigning property rights and permitting bargaining
(3) Pigovian taxes
(4) All of the above
29. Which of the following is a capital receipt in the
Government budget?
(1) Interest receipts on loans given by the Government to
other parties.
(2) Dividend and profit of public enterprises.
(3) Borrowings of the government from the public.
(4) Property tax receipts.
30. Which amongst the following would be most effective
in mitigating the effect of externalities?
(1) Fiscal policy
(2) Regulation of monopoly
(3) Active monetary policy
(4) Freeing the markets
31. The maximum social advantage is achieved when:
(1) Total Social Sacrifice=Total Social Benefits
(2) Marginal Social Sacrifice=Marginal Social Benefits
(3) Net Social Sacrifice=Net Social Benefits
(4) Average Social Sacrifice=Average Social Benefits
32. Statutory incidence of a tax deal with:
(1) the person(s) legally responsible for paying the tax.
(2) the amount of revenue left over after taxes.
(3) the amount of taxes paid after accounting for
inflation
(4) the amount of tax revenue generated after a tax is
levied.
33. The relationship described by the Expectations –
Augmented Phillips curve is correct in which of the following?
(1) Only in the long run.
(2) Only in the short run.
(3) Both in the short run and in the long run.
(4) Neither in the short run nor in the long run.
34. Non Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment
(NAIRU) means:
(1) a rate of unemployment for which the change in the
rate of inflation is zero.
(2) a rate of inflation which makes the rate of
unemployment zero.
(3) a rate of inflation for which the change in the rate
of unemployment is zero.
(4) a rate of unemployment which is equal to the rate of
inflation.
35. New Keynesians use which of the following to explain
price and wage stickyness?
(1) Staggered labor contracts
(2) Menu Costs
(3) Behavior-based on bounded rationality
(4) All of the above
36. Consider the following statements:
(a) Effective demand in a market is the demand for a
product or service which occurs when purchasers are constrained in a
different market.
(b) Notional demand is the demand that occurs when
purchasers are not constrained in any market.
Which of the above statements is/are correct? Answer from
the code below:
(1) Only (a) is correct
(2) Only (b) is correct
(3) Both (a) and (b) are correct
(4) Neither (a) nor (b) is correct
37. For the capitalist economy, the primary objective of New Classical Economics is to explain which of the following?
(1) Business cycle phenomenon
(2) Underemployment
(3) Wage – price rigidity
(4) Effectiveness of Government policy
38. Which of the following growth model(s) assume(s)
Neutral Technical Progress?
(1) Harrod model
(2) Solow model
(3) Both (1) and (2)
(4) Neither (1) nor (2)
39. In an economy, the GDP deflator is found to be 110
for the current year. If the GDP has registered an annual growth rate of
15 percent in the same year, then, the rate of growths of real GDP will
be:
(1) 5%
(2) 1.5%
(3) 25%
(4) 2.5%
40. What is the nature of equilibrium in the IS-LM
model?
(1) Stock equilibrium
(2) Flow equilibrium
(3) Stock and flow equilibrium
(4) Oscillating equilibrium
41. If marginal propensity to import is 0.1 and the
marginal propensity to consume is 0.7, the value of the income multiplier
will be:
(1) 1.25
(2) 2.33
(3) 2.5
(4) 3.33
42. According to the neo-classical theory of distribution,
constancy in the wage share in national income would come about only when
the elasticity of factor substitution:
(1) is less than one
(2) is equal to one
(3) is zero
(4) is greater than one
43. Which amongst the following is not a feature of J.E.
Meade’s model?
(1) Perfect competition prevails.
(2) Economy produces consumption goods and producer
goods.
(3) Perfect substitution is possible between consumption
and capital goods.
(4) It examines the relationship between the growth rate
of population and growth rate of savings.
44. Consider the following production function forms with
a technical progress term A(t).
(a) Q=f (Kt, A(t) ⋅ Lt)
(b) Q=f (A(t) ⋅ Kt, Lt)
(c) Q=A(t) f (Kt, Lt)
Of the above which production function, with labour
augmenting technology will keep the distribution of output between labour
and capital as constant? Answer from the code below:
(1) Only (a)
(2) Both (a) and (b)
(3) Only (c)
(4) Both (a) and (c)
45. Which of the following statements about the AK model
(Y=AK) of growth is false?
(1) This is a part of endogeneous growth theories.
(2) The model assumes that an increase in the physical
stock of capital will shift the production function upwards.
(3) The model assumes diminishing returns to capital.
(4) The model suggest that if the level of investment is
higher than depreciation, there would be sustained growth.
46. Which of the following is not a correct feature for
the absolute convergence to hold good?
(1) Same population growth rate
(2) Same savings propensity
(3) Same capital – labour ratio
(4) Different capital – labour ratio
47. In Solow’s growth model, the output per capita is a
function of:
(1) Labour – Output ratio
(2) Capital – Output ratio
(3) Technical progress
(4) Capital – Labour ratio
48. Dusenberry was of the opinion that less developed
countries will have serious and adverse effect on their balance of
payments due to:
(1) demonstration effect
(2) multiplier effect
(3) backwash effect
(4) spread effect
49. Leibenstein in his critical minimum effort thesis
treats population as a factor that is:
(1) Income – generating
(2) Investment – inducing
(3) Income – depressing
(4) Market – expanding
50. ‘Workers must own the capital to which their savings has
given rise.’ This is an important assumption of the growth model,
developed by:
(1) L. Pasinetti
(2) N. Kaldor
(3) R. Solow
(4) J.E. Meade
51. Which one of the following is true for demand-side the vicious circle of poverty?
(1) Low income -> Low demand -> Low investment -> Capital deficiency -> Low productivity -> Low income
(2) Low productivity -> Low income -> Low savings -> Low investment -> Capital deficiency
(3) Low income -> Low investment -> Low demand -> Low Capital deficiency
(4) Low demand -> Low saving -> Low productivity -> Low investment -> Capital deficiency
52. Which of the following is the cause of disequilibrium between the warranted rate of growth and the actual rate of growth in the Harrod model?
(1) The discrepancy between Ex-ante investment and Ex-post investment.
(2) The discrepancy between Ex-ante investment and Ex-ante savings.
(3) The discrepancy between Ex-ante savings and Ex-post savings.
(4) The discrepancy between Ex-post investment and Ex-post savings.
53. Which one of the following committees recommended to establish the National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NBARD) in India?
(1) Narsimham Committee
(2) Chakravarti Committee
(3) Abhijit Sen Committee
(4) Shivaraman Committee
54. Which of the following option(s) is/are true for National Action Plan for Climate Change?
(1) It was launched in 2008
(2) It has 8 vertical missions for pollution control.
(3) Both (1) and (2) are true
(4) Neither (1) nor (2) is true
55. Which one of the following schemes is not included in the Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY)?
(1) National Mission for Protein Supplements
(2) Saffron Mission
(3) Accelerated Fodder Development Programme
(4) All of the above
The marks will be awarded to all the candidates against the question
56. Which of the following is portrayed in the population pyramid of a country?
(1) Rural-urban distribution of population
(2) Young – old distribution of the population.
(3) Age and sex distribution of the population.
(4) Gender distribution of the population.
57. In the long period, which one of the following curves would aptly represent the time path of the population for a developing economy?
(1) Exponential curve
(2) Logistic curve
(3) Lorenz curve
(4) Hyperbolic curve
58. Identify the correct statement about the relationship between total fertility rate and gross reproduction rate.
(1) TFR < GRR
(2) TFR = GRR
(3) TFR > GRR
(4) All of the above
59. Which of the following is often referred to as the ‘hedonic price’ method for valuing environmental assets?
(1) Using linkages between variations in-house prices and geographical proximity to an environmental asset.
(2) Using ‘existence value ‘to estimate the value of an environmental asset.
(3) Using travel costs to estimate the value of an environmental asset.
(4) Using ‘willingness to pay’ to value an environmental asset.
60. Which of the following is not a scheme for the upliftment of women in India?
(1) Beti Bachao, Beti Padhao
(2) Sukanya Samridhi Yojana
(3) Gender Budgeting
(4) UJALA Scheme
61. In the context of the doubling of farmers income objective, which of the following is not correct?
(1) The target year is 2022 – 23.
(2) It is real income which is to be doubled.
(3) Income from cultivation alone is to be doubled.
(4) Diversification of agriculture is to be promoted to achieve this objective.
62. Which one of the following statements is correct?
(1) Global warming is simply another term for the greenhouse effect.
(2) Global warming is an entirely natural phenomenon.
(3) Global warming means melting down of glaciers.
(4) Global warming is the rise in average temperature at the earth’s surface.
63. According to Economic Survey 2017 – 18, the Indian economy is becoming more formalized. This is indicated by which of the following shifts? Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
(a) The introduction of GST has brought more firms in the indirect tax net.
(b) After demonetization, a significant increase has taken place in the number of individuals filing income tax returns.
(c) An increase in savings in the formal financial sector.
Code:
(1) (a) and (b)
(2) Only (c)
(3) (a), (b) and (c)
(4) (b), (c)
64. Which of the following statements are correct regarding Finance Commission in India?
(a) Finance commission is constituted under Article 275 of the Constitution.
(b) The provision for Grants-in-aid to the states are provided for under Article 280.
Which of the above statement(s) is/are correct. Choose the correct answer from the codes given below:
(1) Only (a)
(2) Only (b)
(3) Both (a) and (b)
(4) Neither (a) nor (b)
65. The share of agriculture in the GDP of India has declined over the years. Which of the following is not a correct reason for this?
(1) The relatively faster rate of growth of non-agricultural sectors in the economy.
(2) A stagnant or slow rise in the yield of agriculture commodities.
(3) Educated rural youths are not opting for agriculture as an occupation.
(4) Low-value addition in the case of agricultural commodities.
66. In the last decade, which one among the following sectors has attracted the highest Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflow into India?
(1) Telecommunication sector
(2) Defense sector
(3) Service sector
(4) Insurance sector
67. In the context of the ‘twin balance sheet problem’ in India, consider the following statements:
(a) Over leveraged corporate debt.
(b) High Non-Performance Assets of nationalized banks.
(c) High fiscal deficit.
Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
(1) (a) and (c)
(2) (a) and (b)
(3) (b) and (c)
(4) (a), (b) and (c)
68. In 2016 – 2017 the Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS’s) were restructured by the Government of India. Select the correct statements related to the restructuring, using the codes given below:
(a) The decision of restructuring was taken by the Governing Council of the NITI Aayog.
(b) This will avoid overlapping of expenditure and provide visibility and impact to the CSS’s.
(c) The CSS’s have been classified into a flagship and extra flagship categories.
(d) The existing number of CSS’s is 37.
Code:
(1) (a), (b), (c) and (d)
(2) (b), (c) and (d)
(3) (a) and (b)
(4) (a), (b) and (c)
69. As per census 2011, rank the following states in descending order of degree of urbanization.
(a) Tamil Nadu
(b) Maharashtra
(c) Goa
(d) Punjab
Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
(1) (b), (a), (d), (c)
(2) (c), (a), (b), (d)
(3) (a), (c), (d), (b)
(4) (d), (b), (a), (c)
70. As on 31st, March 2017, external debt of India was in which of the following range as a percentage of GDP?
(1) 14 to 16 percent
(2) 16 to 18 percent
(3) 18 to 20 percent
(4) 20 to 22 percent
71. In relation to considerations of demographic the dividend, there appears to be ‘demographic dualism’ exhibited by the Indian states. In this regard consider the following factors:
(a) Total Fertility Rate
(b) Sex Ratio
(c) Per capita income
Of the above, which factor(s) is/are correct. Answer from the codes below:
(1) Only (a)
(2) Both (a) and (b)
(3) Both (b) and (c)
(4) Only (b)
72. Arrange the following events in the Indian economy in chronological order:
(a) The first phase of nationalization of 14 Banks
(b) Establishment of Narshimhan Committee I on Banking system
(c) Enactment of FEMA Act
(d) Establishment of EXIM Bank of India
Code:
(1) (a), (c), (d), (b)
(2) (a), (d), (b), (c)
(3) (a), (c), (b), (d)
(4) (a), (d), (c), (b)
73. Which amongst the following pairs is not correctly matched?
(Concept) | (Organization) |
(1) Gender Development Index (2) Ease of Doing Business (3) Inclusion Index (4) World Hunger Index | UNDP World Bank World Economic Forum United Nations |
74. Consider the following diagram which shows the production of a commodity under the condition of increasing cost. If a unit tax is imposed on the commodity, what will be the amount of the burden of the tax on the buyers?
(1) NL
(2) LQ
(3) LR
(4) RQ
75. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?
(a) a common resource is rival and non-excludable.
(b) a public good is non-rival and non-excludable.
Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
(1) Both (a) and (b)
(2) Only (a)
(3) Only (b)
(4) Neither (a) and (b)
76. Arrange the following books in chronological order of their publication. Select the correct answer from the codes given below:
(a) The Affluent Society
(b) Asian Drama
(c) The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money
(d) Development as Freedom
Code:
(1) (c), (b), (a), (d)
(2) (c), (a), (b), (d)
(3) (a), (b), (c), (d)
(4) (d), (c), (b), (a)
77. Market failure can occur because of:
(1) Imperfect competition
(2) Externalities
(3) Both (1) and (2)
(4) Neither (1) nor (2)
78. Capital gains means:
(1) An increase in the value of an asset.
(2) An increase in the stock of capital.
(3) An increase in the yield of an asset.
(4) An increase in the amount of foreign capital.
79. Palma ratio is a measure of:
(1) Inequality of income
(2) Stock market volatility
(3) Morbidity in a region
(4) The volatility of crop prices
Questions 80 to 84 are Assertion (A) and Reason (R) type. Key to these questions is as follows:
(1) Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
(2) Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).
(3) (A) is true, but (R) is false.
(4) (A) is false, but (R) is true.
80. (A): In Solow’s growth model under equilibrium conditions capital-labor ratio does not change.
(R): Substitution between capital and labor is possible.
1
81. (A): International trade along the lines of comparative advantage improves the allocative efficiency of existing resources.
(R): International trade is an engine of growth.
2
82. (A): The production possibility Frontier can be a straight line.
(R): The factors are not specialized and can be substituted at no extra cost.
1
83. (A): Devaluation results in the expenditure switching in an economy.
(R): Devaluation alters the composition of the current account of the balance of payments.
1
84. (A): External forces are of singular importance to the economic activities of the developing states.
(R): Relations between the dominant and dependent states are dynamic to reinforce the unequal pattern.
2
85. Given the Demand function of a consumer D=10−2p, the consumer’s surplus at price=2 is:
(1) 2
(2) 10
(3) 9
(4) 15
86. The total cost function of a producer is C=10+5Q+2Q2. If the price is 15, what is the marginal cost of the producer in equilibrium?
(1) 10
(2) 5
(3) 15
(4) 4
87. Which of the following is the condition of economic viability and technological feasibility of Leontief’s static system?
(1) Marshall – Edgeworth conditions
(2) Kuhn – Tucker conditions
(3) Hawkins – Simon conditions
(4) Value of the objective function of the primal problem should equal the value of the objective function of the dual of the primal
88. Simplex method of solving Linear Programming problems was developed by:
(1) Koopmans
(2) Dantzig
(3) Leontief
(4) Solow
89. A bag contains 5 red, 7 white, and 3 green balls. One ball is randomly drawn from the bag. What is the probability that it is green?
(1) 12/15
(2) 1/5
(3) 7/15
(4) 1/3
90. If a sample survey of the same 100 households is conducted in a particular village, annually for five years, the data so collected will be described as:
(1) Time Series Data
(2) Cross-section Data
(3) Panel Data
(4) Pooled Time Series and Cross-section Data
91. If in a distribution mean is 40, mode is 60 and the standard deviation is 10, then the coefficient of skewness will be:
(1) −2
(2) 2
(3) −20
(4) 5
92. In a multiple linear regression with 4 independent variables, the overall regression’s significance is to be tested. Which the test would be used?
(1) Z test
(2) F test
(3) χ2 test
(4) t-test
93. If a sample of 100 is to be taken from a population of 1000 farmers consisting of marginal small and large farmers, which of the following will be the most appropriate sampling method?
(1) Simple random sampling
(2) Cluster sampling
(3) Stratified random sampling
(4) Systematic sampling
94. Which of the following statements are valid concerning a recursive system?
(a) The parameters can be validly estimated using separate application of OLS to each equation.
(b) The independent variables may be correlated with the error terms in other equations.
Code:
(1) (a) only
(2) (b) only
(3) Both (a) and (b)
(4) Neither (a) nor (b)
Show Answer
95. Match the following lists and select the correct answer from codes below:
List – I | List - II |
(a) Contingency Table (b) Unit root test (c) Fisher’s F test (d) Granger test | (i) Stationarity (ii) Causality (iii) χ2 test (iv) Test of significance of over-all regression |
Code:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(1) (iii) (i) (iv) (ii)
(2) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
(3) (iv) (iii) (ii) (i)
(4) (ii) (iii) (i) (iv)
96. Generalized Least Squares method of estimation will not be suitable for dealing with which of the following problems:
(a) Autocorrelated disturbances
(b) Heteroscedastic disturbances
(c) Multicollinearity
(d) Errors in variables
Code:
(1) (a) only
(2) (b) only
(3) (c) and (d)
(4) (a) and (b)
97. Match List – I with List-II and select the correct answer from the codes given below:
Code:
(a) (b) (c) (d)
(1) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii)
(2) (iv) (ii) (iii) (i)
(3) (iii) (i) (ii) (iv)
(4) (ii) (iv) (iii) (i)
98. In the adjacent diagram, the Government should fix the price at which of the following points to make monopoly result in a socially optimal outcome?
(1) At point A
(2) At point B
(3) At point C
(4) At point D
99. If the producer pays the price for each of the inputs that is used is equal to its value of Marginal product, then which one of the following does he earn?
(1) Zero supernormal profit
(2) Monopoly profit
(3) Positive supernormal profit
(4) Negative supernormal profit
100. Which of the following is not correctly matched for Union Budget 2018 – 19, announced on 01.02.2018?
| (As % of GDP) |
(1) Fiscal Deficit (2) Revenue Deficit (3) Primary Deficit (4) Effective Revenue Deficit | 3.5 2.2 1.2 0.3 |
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Marx is regarded as the father of history (scientific socialism) who prophesied the
decline of capitalism and the advent of socialism. He is
considered a great thinker of history. His famous book ‘Das Kapital’
is known as the Bible of socialism (1867). He presented the process of growth
and collapse of the capitalist economy. He expected capitalistic
change to break down because of sociological reasons and not due to economic stagnation
and only after a very high degree of development is attained. 
This is the first stage in which men performed the same economic functions i.e. – hunter-gathering. They
worked together in order to survive. There was no private property and there
was no classes exist in the society. Eventually, the most successful hunter-gatherers gained power and control over the others and this leads to the next stage which is imperialism.
The
strong man ruled. He began by owning all the land but when threatened by
outsiders, he would grant land to others in return for military services. A new
land-owning aristocracy was therefore created. In this stage, people start
having private property right.
The land was owned by the aristocracy who
exploited the peasantry who worked it. There was a surplus of food which the
aristocracy sold to others creating a class of merchants and capitalists who
wanted to share political power.
The
wealthy merchants and factory owners (bourgeoisie) obtained political power and
exploited the workers (proletariat).In such a society, the proletariat is
fooled into believing that she/he is free because she/he is paid for his/her
labor. In fact, the transformation of labor into an abstract quantity that can
be bought and sold on the market leads to the exploitation of the proletariat,
benefitting a small percentage of the population in control of the capital. The
working class thus experiences alienation since the members of this class feel
they are not in control of the forces driving them into a given job. The reason
for this situation is that someone else owns the means of production, which are
treated as private property. As the proletariat became politically
aware they would rise up and overthrow the bourgeois government. All this because
of the eventual growth of commerce (and of human populations), feudal society
began to accumulate capital, which, along with the increased debt incurred by
the aristocracy, eventually led to the English Revolution of 1640 and the
French Revolution of 1789 both of which opened the way for the establishment of
a society structured around commodities and profit (i.e. capitalism). Human
society's entrance into capitalism occurred because of a transformation in the
understanding of exchange-value and of labor.
There
would be a dictatorship of the proletariat as workers’ organizations
re-distributed food, goods, and services fairly according to need, and profits
were shared by all. The middle classes would come to understand that equality
was superior to private ownership. Everyone would join together for the common
good. Money and government would no longer be needed and society would be
class-less. As all countries reached this stage the world would become state-less
and competition and wars would cease and more capital accumulation and
technological improvement. At the start, growth under capitalism, generation of
value and accumulation of capital underwent at a high rate. After reaching its
peak, there is a concentration of capital associated with a falling rate of
profit. In turn, it reduces the rate of investment and as such a rate of economic
growth. Unemployment increases. Class conflicts increase. Labor conflicts start
and there is a class revolt. Ultimately, there is a downfall of capitalism and the rise of socialism.
